Naturally plants exposed to unfavorable environmental conditions which drastically affects the plants. Among all abiotic stress, heat stress is considered a major threat towards the productivity of crops. To understand the effect of heat stress it is necessary to understand the molecular mechanism of heat stress of plants. This study was aimed to ascertain the effects of bio-inoculants and plant growth regulators on growth, physiology and yield of different carrot genotypes under heat stress conditions. A field experiment was carried out using randomized complete block design at Noor-Pur-Thal, Punjab during the growing season. The outcomes of recent investigation revealed that elevated temperatures had a detrimental effect on factors that contributed to crops growth, such as RD, RW, RL, LA, and various biochemical parameters. Significant decline was noted during exposure to heat stress, coupled with the increase in the activity levels of antioxidant enzymes. Highly significantly positive strong correlation was observed among the following parameters: RW vs RL, RW vs LA, RL vs RD, RL vs LA, PAL vs RS, PAL vs TS, PAL vs Prot, PAL vs FLA, TS vs RS, TS vs Prot, TS vs FLA, RS vs Prot, RS vs FLA, Prot vs FLA, Prot vs CARO, and FLA vs CARO under all diverse applied treatments of both PGR and BI. The peak specialized potentials of biochemical attributes in mgg-1 of tissue under the applications of HS+BI (T5) were 0.01, 0.11, 10.45, 8.25, and 41.77 for PAL, POD, TS, RS, and Prot, accordingly. The applications of BI and PGR to plants experiencing heat stress enhanced growth, accelerating the development of yield contributing factors and biochemical parameters, thereby ultimately increasing the final crops yield. The utilization of both PGR and bio-inoculants proved advantageous for plant growth in the experiencing of heat stress, with bio-inoculants exhibited a greater impact on plant growth and development than PGR.

Potassium-enriched biochar (KBC) serves as a novel soil amendment that improves soil fertility and enhances crop stress resistance. This study preliminarily investigated the regulatory effects of different KBC concentrations on soybean (Glycine max) seedling growth and the antioxidant system under salt stress through pot experiments. Under normal cultivation conditions, 1% KBC application significantly promoted seedling growth, increasing plant height and root length by 42.19% and 35.89%, respectively. Metabolic optimization was evidenced by reduced soluble sugar (35.33%) and proline (37.46%) levels at 1% and 2% KBC, respectively, indicating improved carbon-nitrogen metabolism. However, under Salt Stress (200 mmol/L NaCl), total phenolic and flavonoid contents were significantly decreased. The 2% KBC treatment comprehensively enhanced key antioxidant enzyme activities: Superoxide dismutase (SOD) showed the most pronounced increase (27.45%), while catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) showed coordinated upregulation. This synergistic enhancement effectively mitigated reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation. In conclusion, optimal KBC application (1–2%) simultaneously promotes soybean seedling growth, photosynthetic efficiency, and salt-stress tolerance through reinforced antioxidant capacity. These findings provide a theoretical foundation for saline soil remediation and stress-resistant soybean cultivation

Sugarcane husk hold rich carbon sources and can be used as carrier for biofertilzer industry. Two formulations of carrier-based biofertilizers were made comprising consortium of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) Pseudomonas moraviensis and Bacillus cereus. Formulation-I comprised the consortium of Bacillus cereus and Pseudomonas moraviensis with maize straws powder and Formulation-II comprised same consortium and sugarcane husk as carrier material. Pseudomonas moraviensis and Bacillus cereus were isolated from halophytic herb Cenchrus ciliaris (L) and maintained greater colony forming unit (cfu) in the carriers after 40 d of incubation. Phosphate solubilization potential and antifungal activities of PGPR was remarkable and used as bio-inoculant on wheat, grown in saline sodic soil of field at Soil Salinity Research Institute, Pindibhattian. Both formulations alleviated the adverse effects of salt stress by decreasing electrical conductivity (EC), sodium absorption ratio (SAR), regulating ion homeostasis by decreasing Na and Cl content, and improving K, P, N-NO3 and organic matter by 20- 40% in the wheat rhizosphere. There were 20% decreases in Na and 30-45% increase in K in wheat leaves over control. Formulations and consortium treatments increased sugar, proline and phytohormones gibberellic acid (GA), indole acetic acid (IAA) and abscisic acid (ABA) content of leaves by 50-90 % over control plants. Antioxidants enzymes activities were significantly higher in consortium and formulation treatments. From the results, it was concluded that Formulation- B comprising sugarcane husk as carrier was more effective than formulation having maize straw as carrier

Matrine is a natural compound that can effectively kill agricultural pests. However, whether Matrine can affect nitrogen utilization in wheat has not been reported. In this research, leaf spraying Matrine (100mg/L) was used to study the changes of photosynthetic pigment and nitrogen metabolic capacity at seedling stage of wheat leaves by the way of sand culture under the condition of nitrogen deficit. The results showed that exogenous Matrine decreased SOD and CAT activities in wheat leaves, but increased photosynthetic pigment content, nitrate reductase activity and nitrogen content in wheat leaves, thus ensuring wheat growth and development. The research can provide theoretical basis and technical support for Matrine to resist the combined damage of biological and abiotic stress in wheat cultivation

Wheat, a vital cereal crop, is predominantly grown in arid and semi-arid regions, making it susceptible to drought stress. The adverse effects of drought on wheat can potentially be mitigated through the application of cellulolytic microbes-enriched vermicompost. To explore this, two field studies were conducted at the Student Research Farm, Agronomy Department, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, during 2020-21 and 2021-22. The research examined the impact of cellulolytic microbes-enriched vermicompost on the agronomic, physiological, and enzymatic antioxidant traits of wheat under varying soil moisture levels. The treatments included: (a) Three soil moisture levels: well-watered (D0, 70% field capacity), moderate drought (D1, 45% field capacity), and severe drought (D2, 30% field capacity). (b) Two wheat varieties: Galaxy-13 (drought-sensitive) and Faisalabad-08 (drought-tolerant). (c) Four microbial enriched vermicompost levels: VT0 (control, no vermicompost), VT1 (6 t/ha wheat straw vermicompost), VT2 (6 t/ha rice straw vermicompost), and VT3 (4 t/ha cow dung vermicompost). The results revealed that the highest crop growth and yield were achieved with 4 t/ha cow dung vermicompost (VT3), followed by rice straw vermicompost (VT2) and wheat straw vermicompost (VT1). The lowest performance was observed in the control (VT0) across both wheat cultivars. Faisalabad-08 consistently outperformed Galaxy-13 in growth and yield under both moderate and severe drought conditions. The findings further highlighted that drought stress significantly reduced agronomic, physiological, biochemical, and growth traits of wheat. However, the application of vermicompost enhanced these characteristics and improved yield, even under water-limited conditions

Podophyllum hexandrum Royle, an endangered medicinal plant valued for its pharmacological properties, faces propagation challenges due to its strong seed dormancy, limiting its potential for conservation and cultivation. This study systematically evaluates the effectiveness of various physical, chemical, and hormonal pretreatments to overcome seed dormancy and optimize germination. Additionally, the study assesses sterilization treatments with different concentrations of Mercuric Chloride (HgCl2) to minimize contamination while maximizing germination. Among the sterilization treatments, 0.1% HgCl2 emerged as the most effective, achieving a high germination rate (85.43 ± 2.96%) and low contamination (15.67 ± 2.96%). Dormancy-breaking treatments revealed that 5 mg/L GA3 for 24 hours was the most effective, achieving a maximum germination rate of 90.33%, followed by hot water treatment (80%) and cold-water treatment (68%). These pretreatments effectively counteracted the physical and physiological dormancy barriers of P. hexandrum seeds by improving water absorption and gas exchange through the seed coat. This study provides valuable insights for developing optimized germination protocols, supporting both conservation and sustainable cultivation of P. hexandrum to ensure its continued availability and medicinal utility

The transcriptional regulation of eukaryotic gene expression is a critical aspect, with transcription factors playing a key role by combining with cis-acting elements in the promoter regions. Growth regulating factors (GRFs) are plant-specific transcriptional factors. The Arabidopsis thaliana growth-regulating factor gene (AtGRF5), when ectopically expressed in crops such as Beta vulgaris (sugar beet) and Brassica napus (canola), has an effect of accelerating shoot organogenesis and enhancing the efficiency of genetic transformation. However, an efficient plant regeneration and genetic transformation system in Brassica campestris L. ssp. chinensis, a major vegetable crop in China, remains to be established. In this work, we identified and characterized the AtGRF5 ortholog in B. campestris, named as BraGRF5, from BRAD database. Molecular analysis of BraGRF5 gene and exploration of its protein interaction network were further conducted. Therefore, the promoter region of BraGRF5 was thoroughly examined to determine cis-acting elements of various kinds and quantities. It is expected to provide a foundation for regulation of BraGRF5, and an informative reference for the improvement of B. campestris transformation efficiency and molecular breeding.

 

Coating high concentrations of copper (Cu) on the inner wall of containers can effectively control root spiraling, but it is not clear whether excessive Cu decreases root activity and absorption function during Cu root pruning. To test it, one-year-old Camphora officinarum seedlings were grown in containers coated with 0, 40, 80, 100, 120, 140, and 160 g L−1 Cu (OH)2 with latex as the carrier. Over 100 g L−1 Cu (OH)2 completely inhibited root entanglement. Contents of lignin and Cu in the roots under 100 g L−1 Cu (OH)2 was the highest and the Cu transfer coefficient from roots to shoots (TC roots/shoots) was the lowest. Compared with 100 g L−1 Cu (OH)2, 120 g L−1 Cu (OH)2 also maintained higher root activity while having lower lignin and Cu content. Although root circling was best controlled under 160 g L-1 Cu (OH)2, higher TC roots/shoots and less new roots occurrence indicated that root function has been damaged. Notably, 40 and 80 g L-1 Cu (OH)2 not only failed to control root entanglement but also caused Cu toxicity. Our results suggest that lignin deposition effectively immobilizes Cu in roots, thereby mitigating its toxicity to shoots. Suitable Cu concentrations not only effectively control root entanglement but also maintain higher root activity and lower Cu translocation from roots to shoots.

 

The growing global population calls for sustainable and eco-friendly methods to enhance food production. One such solution is the use of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), which can improve both plant and soil nutrient status, thereby boosting crop yields. In this study, PGPR were isolated from the Lower Dir region and assessed for their antibacterial activity against two phytopathogens, Ralstonia solanacearum and Xanthomonas citri, as well as their tolerance to heavy metals. The growth of these PGPR was evaluated across a wide range of pH levels and temperatures. Of the 59 isolates, 15 demonstrated antibacterial activity against Ralstonia solanacearum, and 13 showed resistance to Xanthomonas citri. The isolate DJ 15 exhibited the largest inhibition zones against both pathogens, measuring 33.33 mm for Ralstonia solanacearum and 18.16 mm for Xanthomonas citri. In terms of heavy metal tolerance, the highest growth rate (OD) was observed in the presence of lead (2.05), followed by nickel (1.61) and cadmium (1.38). Growth rates were also monitored at varying pH levels, with the highest recorded at pH 6 after three hours (0.22), and at pH 7 after 24 hours (1.38). Temperature variation also affected growth, with the highest growth rates at 50ºC (0.33) and 30ºC (1.39) after three and 24 hours, respectively. These findings highlight the potential of PGPR as effective biocontrol agents capable of tolerating heavy metals and combating plant pathogens, making them valuable for sustainable agricultural practices

Cleyera lipingensis var. xiushanensis Zhe Zhang, Xin-Yun Lv & H.P. Deng var. nov. from Chongqing, China, is described and illustrated. This new variety is similar to C. lipingensis var. lipingensis and C. lipingensis var. taipinensis in leaves and fruits shape, as well as in the presence of serrate leaf margins. However, it can be distinguished by several key morphological characteristics: larger leaves (ca. 7 – 12 × 3 – 4.5 cm), more than 13 (–17) secondary veins on each side of the midrib, a usually 3 (–4) lobed style with pubescence, and a 3 (–4) loculed ovary with 8 – 10 ovules per locule. Phylogenetic analyses based on the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (nrITS) region confirm that C. lipingensis var. xiushanensis is closely related to C. lipingensis var. lipingensis.

Pakistani soils are generally deficient in zinc (Zn) and require fertilizer Zn to get optimum crop yield. Nanotechnology serves as a promising solution for sustainable agriculture. It has been advocated that the Zn oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) greatly enhance the efficiency of applied Zn, improve crop yield, and Zn content of produce compared to chemical Zn fertilizers. The effect of single and integrated application of different doses of chemical and nano-Zn on wheat growth, yield and grain Zn accumulation was studied in a field experiment arranged in a Randomized Complete Block Design with three repeats. The Zn treatments included, T1: control (no Zn applied), T2: 5.0 kg Zn ha-1 through Zinc Sulphate, T3: 2.5 kg Zn ha-1 through Zinc oxide, T4: 2.5 kg Zn ha-1 through Zinc oxide nanoparticles, T5: 1.25 kg Zn ha-1 through Zinc oxide nanoparticles, T6: 2.5 kg Zn ha-1 through Zinc Sulphate + 2.5 kg Zn ha-1 through Zinc oxide nanoparticles, and T7: 1.25 kg Zn ha-1 through Zinc Sulphate + 1.25 kg Zn ha-1 through Zinc oxide nanoparticles. The results revealed that the application of ZnO-NPs at lower dose (1.25 kg Zn ha-1) attained a maximum increase in various physiological parameters and plant Zn accumulation, such as spikelets spike-1 (22.4) by 45.7%, grains spike-1 (67.5) by 83.5%, weight of 1000 grains (52.9) by 78.7%, grain yield (5320 kg ha-1) by 106.1%, straw yield (9719 kg ha-1) by 88.5%, straw Zn content (23.7 mg kg-1) by 72.5%, and grain Zn content (53.3 mg kg-1) by 106.3% over no Zn application. However, maximum plant height (121.2 cm) and spike length (13.9 cm) were noted under integrated application of ZnSO4 with ZnO-NPs at lower dose (1.25 kg Zn ha-1, each). Zinc oxide nanoparticles, as an efficient and cost-effective source, could be applied over conventional Zn fertilizer to increase yield and alleviate grain Zn deficiency of wheat.

Chrysantheumum spp. is considered as one of major ornamental and medicinal plants in the Mediterranean and middle east regions. The fungal infections by Fusarium oxysporum are important biotic stress that limit the production of this crop. Therefore, the current study investigates the application of 5 % (w:w) dried Ocimum basilicum L (basil) as soil amendment to F. oxysporum ARF1 or ARF2)-infected C. indicum plants. The fungal strains ARF1 and ARF2 were isolated from local infected plants and identified by sequencing of ITS rDNA and the translation elongation factor 1 alpha (tef1α) genes. The essential oil GC/MS analysis in the soil amended with basil showed a reduction of monoterpenes (e.g. linalool, geraniol and cineol) and sesquiterpenes and an increase in sesquiterpenes (e.g. caryophyllene). The visual disease assessment of F. oxysporum ARF1 or ARF2) in C. indicum plants grown in the amended soil had significant lower disease index compared to those with non-amended soil. Plants inoculated with F. oxysporum ARF1 or ARF2) and grown in the amended soil showed higher plant height, branch number, fresh and dry weights, root length, flowers per plant, total chlorophyll, photosynthetic and transpiration rates, and leaf stomatal conductance, compared to plants infected by fusarium and grown in non-amended soil. The positive effects of the application of basil as soil amendment on the fungal infections by F. oxysporum ARF1 or ARF2) in C. indicum are attributed to multi-mechanisms, including biotic stress tolerance and physiological regulation. This study demonstrated the novel application of basil leaves as soil amendment as biotic stress ameliorant in fusarium infected C. indicum plants

Post-translational modifications (PTMs) are important alterations of the proteome that make species more compatible with changing environments. The current study was designed to reveal the importance of PTMs and genetic polymorphism of the elongation factor methyltransferase 6 (efm6) in six different strains of Sordaria fimicola through different molecular techniques and computational tools. The efm6 is involved in the methylation of S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) at the N-terminus of the protein which is an important modification for the survival of the species.  S. fimicola strains were collected, three from South south-facing slope (S1, S2, S3) and three from North north-facing slope (N5, N6, N7) of Evolution Canyon, Israel. DNA was extracted from all six strains and sequences were obtained after amplification of genes. A total of 56 nucleotide variations in all six strains were observed compared to the reference Sordaria macrospora. There were 7 inter-strain variations observed when strains were compared with each other. Seven inter-strain polymorphic sites were observed in one of SFS strains S3. The predicted putative 3D structure of the EFM6 of S. fimicola revealed that it is consistent with the known structure of SAM. Acetylation sites were predicted at 7 similar positions in both SFS and NFS strains. Glycosylation was predicted on asparagine residues, with N-glycosylation at 5 sites in all strains of S. fimicola while O-glycosylation was predicted on 3 Ser residues in all strains. Potential phosphorylation was determined with 15 sites in all strains respectively. Protein network analysis showed that efm6 has 11 biologically active interactions with other genes that work as a group inferred from S. macrospora. This whole molecular and bioinformatics analysis generated valuable knowledge that stressed environmental conditions are responsible for genetic variations among species and despite inter-species heterogeneity and complexity, the EFM6 is conserved in almost all eukaryotes

A field study was conducted in Ramadi (about 110 kilometers west of Baghdad), Iraq (33° 25’ 15” N, 043° 18’ 26” E, with the aim of finding local alternatives to commercial organic fertilizers by recycling household and city waste at the lowest cost and applying them to fenugreek plants with the aim of increasing their nutrient content. The experiment consisted of two factors. The first factor involved applying sheep manure at three levels: 0, 6, or 8 Mg ha-1. The second factor involved spraying commercial or manufactured organic acids at three concentrations: 0.5, 1, or 1.5 ml L-1. The control treatment has been only sprayed with distilled water. The results showed that the second level of sheep manure (6 Mg ha-1) gave the highest rate of micro and macro nutrient content in fenugreek seeds. The third level of commercial organic acid (1.5 ml L-1) gave the highest content of nitrogen, phosphorus and zinc in the seeds, reaching 41.74 (gN kg-1), (5.14gP kg-1) and 32.3 (mgZn kg-1), respectively. The commercial treatment of organic acids gave a value similar to the treatments of manufactured organic acids for potassium contents in seeds, which amounted to 10.42 (gK kg-1) at the spray level (1.5 ml L-1). The second level of commercial organic acid (1 ml/l) gave the highest magnesium content in seeds, reaching 2.41(gMg kg-1). The third level of manufactured organic acid (1.5 ml/l) gave the highest percentage of iron in fenugreek seeds, which amounted to 578.7 (mgFe kg-1). The highest manganese content was found in fenugreek seeds, which reached 33.0 (mg Mn kg-1) when sprayed with the second level of manufactured acid (1 ml/l). The interaction between the second level of sheep manure and the third level (1.5 ml/l) of spraying with commercial organic acids gave the highest content of micro- and macronutrients in fenugreek seeds. The results of this study indicated that using organic acids and sheep manure could be a good way to improve the nutritional content of fenugreek seeds.

 

As part of the evaluation, preservation and development of plant genetic resources of food and fodder interest in Algeria, eight (08) local populations of the species Pisum sativum L. (Fabaceae) were collected from farmers, in an area of South-Western Algeria, mainly in Adrar. This part of the country is considered to be one of the hottest regions in the world (hyper-arid Saharan zone). Following this survey, a complete randomised block trial, with three (03) replications, was set up at the experimental station (INRAA / Adrar), for two consecutive agricultural campaigns (2018/2019; 2019/2020). Twenty-two (22) morphological, phenological and biometrical characteristics, relating to vegetative development, flowering, pods and seeds, were considered. Ecological factors (rainfall, temperature, altitude), characterizing the origin environments of populations were also taken into account. Analysis of variance revealed significant differences for most of the characteristics. Significant variation was recorded for phenological stages linked to vegetative development, flowering and pod formation, as well as for biometrical characteristics relating to production. Interaction analysis indicates a strong influence of the environment (Year) on most of the morpho-phenological traits of populations, whereas this influence would be lesser on biometrical characteristics. The correlation matrix revealed several significant links. In addition, the results indicated the existence of significant relationships between some phenological characteristics (emergence date and flowering duration) and a single ecological factor (altitude), characterizing the origin environment of the populations. Principal component analysis (PCA) permitted to constitute different groups of populations with similar characteristics. The evaluation of Pisum sativum populations can contribute to the diversification and development of legumes for human and animal consumption. This will enable the development of livestock farming and its products and consequently will improve the living standard of local populations in this desert region of the country

Soybean is a legume as well as an oil seed crop worldwide. The Yield potential of the crop is being hampered by various factors. Poor germination is the leading cause of yield reduction. Seed priming is an important technique to boost the germination percentage. The present research work was executed to probe the seed priming potentials of some photosynthesized nanoparticles. The nanoparticles were prepared using plant extracts of Azadirachta indica, Eucalyptus globulus and Syzygium cumini and applied as seed priming agents to three soybean varieties; Ajmeri, Faisal, and Rawal-1 at different concentrations. Results of the germination percentage of soybean seeds primed with the nanoparticles revealed the germination ranged from 74-98%, while in the case of plant extracts, the maximum germination was ranged 70-86%. In case of seedling root length, maximum (9.63 cm) was recorded in soybean seeds of the ajmeri variety primed with 80 mg/L of S. cumini nanoparticles, while the lowest (6.50 cm) at 60 mg/L of the same plant extract nanoparticles. Plant extracts showed comparatively greater values than the nanoparticles. The value of root fresh weight in case of nano-priming were ranged 0.66-4.98 g comparatively superior over plant extracts i.e., 0.51-4.95 g. Maximum root dry weight (0.49 g) was recorded in case of C1×NP1×V3 whereas lowest mean root dry weight (0.10 g) was recoded in case of C1×NP1×V1. The values of other growth parameters were recorded as superior in the case of nano-priming than plant extracts seed priming. From the results, it can be concluded that nano-priming of soybean seed can boost up the germination potential, leading maximization of the crop yield.

 

Prunus avium is a non-climacteric fruit and belongs to the Rosaceae family. This fruit is readily accessible and popular among customers due to its taste, red color, flavor, and health advantages. Natural extracts have traditionally been used to improve the overall appearance and preservation of food. The influence of Moringa leaf extract, Neem leaf extract, and Pomegranate peel extract on the postharvest quality of sweet cherry fruit was evaluated in this study during 8 days’ storage period at ambient conditions. The use of extracts significantly enhanced the postharvest quality throughout the storage period and reduced fruit weight loss, fruit decay and maintain ascorbic acid, total flavonoid, total phenolic, antioxidant, anthocyanin, and enzymatic activity (SOD, POD, CAT, MDA, and PPO) of cherry fruit compared to untreated. This study showed that fruits treated with 30% MLE, 20% NLE, and 30%PPE as compared to other treatments have good quality and maximum postharvest life during storage

The present experiment was conducted to indicate the variability of some morphological characters of Fagus sylvatica depending on location and exposure in Oltenia region, Romania. The adaptation of beech at the edge of the distribution is essential in the context of the current climatic conditions and the species proves to have large ecological plasticity.

The analysis of some morphological characters established that in this region, placed in the interfluve Jiu-Danube rivers, within the arboretum it can be found both the infrataxon F. sylvatica ssp. sylvatica and F. sylvatica ssp. moesiaca. The altitude is an important factor in the presence of one or the other of the subspecies within the studied phytocoenoses, we discovered these species beginning to 90 until 1250 meters in stands of the hilly area and also in some stands in the plains area, where their presence was reported. The results highlight the fact that in the researched locations the variability of characters depends on water deficit and exposure, but its tolerance is increasing and further physiological studies will emphasize the compatibility and plasticity of these in response to current climate change

The modified triple test cross technique was employed to analyze the presence of dominance, additive and epistasis components contributing to the inheritance of traits and cotton leaf curl disease (CLCuD) in cotton. The study unveiled the significance of epistasis as a critical contributor in the inheritance of biochemical traits under CLCuD impact. Among epistasis the additive x additive (i) and the additive × dominance + dominance × dominance (j + l), played pivotal roles in shaping trait expression. Gene action, predominantly additive and dominance types, significantly influenced the manifestation of CLCuD, chlorophyll-b, and carotenoids. Interestingly, no indication of directional dominance was observed for these traits. Regarding chlorophyll-a, total chlorophyll, Superoxide Dismutase, Peroxidase, Catalase, and total soluble protein, a strategic approach involving recurrent selection or biparental mating is recommended, particularly starting from the F2 generation to improve many traits. However, to harness the full potential of epistatic effects and foster the development of desired cultivars in cotton, deferring the selection of desired plants until the F5 or F6 generations is advisable. This deliberate delay enables the maximum fixation of epistatic effects, crucial for cultivating desired cotton cultivars resilient to CLCuD.

Leaf development is a pivotal stage in the plant life cycle, involving intricate physiological and morphogenetic processes characterized by dynamically shifting molecular mechanisms and metabolite patterns, which have not been extensively studied in the traditional medicinal plant Drynaria roosii Nakaike. This study utilized next-generation sequencing to profile the leaf transcriptome of D. roosii, identifying significant differences in gene expression between two distinct developmental stages, with a focus on transcription factors that regulate leaf formation and metabolite production. De novo assembly of high-quality sequences generated 82,476 unigenes of average length 1,292 bp. FPKM analysis unveiled substantial transcriptome changes during leaf development. Additionally, non-targeted metabolomics detected 1,297 compounds across both stages, with lipids representing the most abundant metabolite group. This study offers dynamic insights into transcriptomic and metabolomic shifts during D. roosii leaf development, elucidates crucial regulatory networks involved in this process, and enhances the annotation of the D. roosii genome, paving the way for future investigations

Bioinspired synthesis of metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs) offers a sustainable alternative to conventional methods, promoting eco-friendly, cost-effective, and scalable production. Present study explores the synthesis and characterization of FeO and Al2O3 NPs using Cymbopogon citratus extract, followed by an evaluation of their synergistic antibacterial activity with conventional antibiotics against uropathogenic Escherichia coli. Utilizing the natural phytochemicals present in C. citratus, we successfully synthesized nanoparticles in a sustainable manner, eliminating the need for hazardous chemicals. The synthesized NPs were characterized using various techniques, revealing size and morphology variations. FeO-NPs exhibited a slightly spherical, porous morphology with a size range of 5-10 nm, while Al2O3- NPs displayed a rod-like and granular structure with sizes ranging from 5-12 nm as per TEM analysis and broader distribution around 100 nm by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The study demonstrated enhanced antibacterial activity (10-100 fold) when these NPs were combined with various antibiotics (Amoxicillin-Clavulanic acid, Ampicillin, Co-trimoxazole, Ciprofloxacin, Amikacin, Imipenem, Chloramphenicol). The synergistic effect led to increased potency, with improvements ranging from 10-fold for Amoxicillin-Clavulanic acid to complete eradication (100% potency) of bacterial growth with Ampicillin. These findings highlight the potential of C. citratus extract for biogenic synthesis of FeO and Al2O3 NPs with promising antibacterial properties. Additionally, their synergistic effect suggests potential applications as antibiotic enhancers, paving the way for more effective treatments against uropathogenic E. coli infections

 

Premna obtusifolia is one of distributed semi-mangrove species in the world. In this research, whole chloroplast (cp) genome of P. obtusifolia was assembled for the first time. Meanwhile, this research expanded the chloroplast genome resource bank of semi-mangrove species. Comprehensive analysis about cp genome of P. obtusifolia showed prospective cpDNA markers, which could be used to study species identification, species adaptation mechanisms and phylogenetic status. The total cp genome was 153,415 bp in length, displaying paradigmatic tetrad structure, which included a large single copy (LSC) region of 84,649bp and a small single copy (SSC) region of 17,410bp, and they were segregated by two inverted repeats (IRs) regions of 25,678bp. Overall GC content was 38.02% of cp genome, and GC content in IRs, LSC, and SSC regions was 43.21%, 36.03%, and 32.38%, respectively. The genome was predicted through 114 unique genes, embodying 80 protein-coding genes, 30 tRNA genes, and 4 rRNA genes, and there were 19 duplicates in IR regions. 87 SSRs and 17 long repeats were recognized totally. Phylogenetic analysis suggested that P. obtusifolia was clustered with P. vietnamensis within genus Premna. This research shows that the cp genome of P. obtusifolia is conservative in structure with slow evolutionary rate and is more structurally differentiated compared with other species in Premna. These results indicate that semi-mangrove species respond to the disturbance of the external environment well in the evolutionary history, and their genome characteristics have been preserved

The controlled release of pesticide microcapsules is an innovative approach that extends the duration of effectiveness, minimizes the loss of the active substance, and lessens the environmental footprint, thus supporting sustainable practices. Jasmonic acid (JA) and its methyl ester derivative, Methyl jasmonate (MJA), are recognized inducers of plant resistance. They have been reported to markedly elevate the levels of critical defensive proteins in Larix kaempferi seedlings upon application. However, the high volatility and fleeting efficacy of these compounds pose challenges. This research utilized chitosan and Tween 20 to engineer sustained-release microcapsule suspensions containing JA and MJA, aiming to compare the inducement effects pre- and post-gradual release. The findings revealed that both treatments significantly bolstered the defense protease concentrations in the needles. While the JA and MJA slow-release treatment induction rate was slower within the initial 1-3 days, at the later stages induction levels surpassed those of direct spraying to some extent. Moreover, it extended the effective period of JA and MJA by 5-10 days. Specifically, the JA sustained-release treatment increased the effective induction period for PAL, PPO, CAT, and POD by 5 days, whereas the MJA treatment did the same for CAT, POD, and PAL but did not extend PPO's efficacy duration. These outcomes demonstrate that the JA and MJA sustained-release microcapsule suspensions can enhance the induction effects of these compounds, offering theoretical insights for the practical application of JA and MJA induced resistance techniques in forestry.

 

Lantana horrida, which is frequently used as an ornamental, is not as well-known or marketed as L. camara. Lantana horrida. It distributed from West Indies and Mexico to central America. Its habitats include tropical savanna, forests, montane areas, shrublands, and grasslands. To develop effective control strategies, it is crucial to accurately distinguish this species from others within the Lantana genus. This is particularly important given the close resemblance between L. horrida and L. camara. Taxonomic analysis of viable specimens is typically used for this purpose. This study aims to investigate the use of morphological, anatomical, molecular, and chemical features of the leaves from both species to support precise classification. Anatomical research was done on L. horrida and L. camara leaves using light and scanning electron microscopy. The main difference was detected in the petiole, which offered secretory idioblasts in L. horrida. Gel electrophoresis of L. horrida and L. camara total DNA digested by SaII enzyme. There was partial genetic variability between L. horrida and L. camara DNA. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was also used to perform metabolic profiling of the investigated species. Through GC-MS summarizing, 38 compounds were known with clear fluctuations in the extracts for each species. Among them, the naturally occurring bicyclic sesquiterpene b-caryophyllene stood out and could help in the chemical classification of the extracts of the studied species. The b-caryophyllene was 35.9 in L. horrida and 15.4 in L. camara. Identifying internal secretory formations for the first time in this genus was possible. Each species has distinct glandular and non-glandular trichomes and an abaxial surface. These results can help strategies to control L. horrida without affecting L. camara

Genetic variation is essential for species to evolve and adapt to dynamic environments. Mutations are a primary source of variation, but they typically occur slowly, limiting immediate adaptation. Organisms, therefore, require faster mechanisms to cope with environmental changes. Sexual reproduction facilitates rapid adaptation through genetic recombination, generating diverse and robust individuals. However, asexual organisms lack this mechanism and must rely on other strategies for adaptation. It has been proposed that genes containing tandem repeats (TR-ORFs) may undergo mutations faster than non-repetitive DNA, which could help organisms adapt more quickly to environmental shifts. These TR-ORFs might contribute to both short- and long-term adaptation. Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C, a predominantly asexual organism, was chosen as a model to investigate this. A wide range of S. cerevisiae strains, isolated from various niches, have been sequenced, and their genomic data is publicly available. The reference strain S288c, with manually annotated genes, was used as a baseline for analysis. Tandem repeats were identified in this reference strain using the Tandem Repeat Finder (TRF) tool, revealing 48 mega-satellite-TR in 35 genes, many associated with cell surface proteins. These genes were then compared to the genomes of 20 other S. cerevisiae strains from different ecological niches using BLAST searches. The results showed no significant correlation between the repeat patterns and the strains' ecological niches or genetic backgrounds. Additionally, most BLAST hits were missed, and no matches were found in other strains. This suggests that these TRs may be specific to certain environments or that gaps in genome assemblies, which often occur in repetitive regions, hindered detection. Further sequencing of selected TR-ORFs across multiple strains could provide valuable insights into their potential role in adaptive evolution

This study aims to produce Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO) enriched with bioactive compounds by adding nutmeg flesh extract. The research analyzes the fatty acid composition of VCO-caproic acid, caprylic acid, capric acid, lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, and linoleic acid-using Gas Liquid Chromatography (GLC) while exploring its potential as an immunomodulator through literature review. A laboratory experiment was conducted by analyzing the fatty acid components of VCO with nutmeg flesh extract (Nutmeg VCO) using GLC. The results show that the Nutmeg VCO meets the quality parameters of SNI 7381:2008, with a moisture content of 0.13%, an average free fatty acid (FFA) level of 0.09%, a clear appearance, and a distinct aroma of both coconut and nutmeg. The identified fatty acid composition includes caproic acid (0.46%), caprylic acid (7.70%), capric acid (6.24%), lauric acid (50.59%), myristic acid (18.52%), palmitic acid (7.85%), stearic acid (2.26%), and linoleic acid (1.47%). Nutmeg VCO contains bioactive compounds such as phenols, tocopherols, and flavonoids, which have potential immunomodulatory effects. Additionally, due to its fermentation-based production without microbial additives, VCO naturally contains lactic acid bacteria. These bacteria produce bacteriocins that exhibit antimicrobial, antiviral, and antifungal properties, potentially inhibiting pathogenic microorganisms, including COVID-19. This fermentation method represents a novel approach in VCO production.

In order to establish a simple and efficient tissue culture regeneration system for Gymnotheca chinensis Decne., the tender stems and terminal buds of G. chinensis cultivated in the wild as experimental materials to explore the optimal explant, sterilization conditions of explant, medium for adventitious bud induction, and medium for rooting and subculture in the process of plant tissue culture. The experimental results showed that the top bud as the explant was sterilized by using 0.5 mg/L of sodium penicillin and streptomycin for 3 h+75% ethanol for 30 s+0.1%HgCl2 for 20 min+0.1%HgCl2 for 15 min, with the pollution rate of 22.2% and the browning rate of 33.3%. MS+2 mg/L 6-BA+0.5 mg/L NAA+0.2 g/L activated carbon was the best primary medium with 96.7% bud, MS+1mg/L NAA+0.5 mg/L IBA+0.2 g/L activated carbon as rooting medium, the rooting rate was 66.7%. The best secondary medium was MS+1.0 mg/L NAA+1.0 mg/L IBA+0.2g/L activated carbon with 88.9%, and the survival rate of tissue seedlings reached 100% after transplanting to humus soil 5 d after domestication. This stable tissue culture and regeneration system of G. chinensis, which will provide technical reference for artificial breeding and biological experiments of G. chinensis.

In this study, cladistics analyses based on chloroplast trnL–F intergenic spacer sequence and combined nrDNA ITS and trnL-F data set were undertaken to estimate phylogenetic relationships in 22 Euphorbia taxa collected from their natural distribution areas in Turkey. Among the examined taxa, E. grisophylla, E. rhytidosperma and 11 Euphorbia taxa trnL-F sequences were newly generated and their first inclusion in a phylogenetic analysis based on cpDNA trnL-F loci. According to the phylogenetic data results obtained with the analyzed sequences, it was seen that the E. chamaesyce (in subgenus Chamaesyce) was clearly separated from other taxa in subgenus Esula. At the section level, the phylogenetic trees based on the combined data set of taxa belonging to Chylogala, Cymatospermum and Paralias sections are in a complex order, Esula and Helioscopia sections are generally compatible with the classification defined in the Flora of Turkey. Although phylogenetic results based on cpDNA are compatible with the combined data results in terms of section distributions, the groups containing some species appear contradictory. According to this new information, the need to reevaluate the systematic status of E. gaillardotii, E. aleppica, E. denticulata, E. craspedia, E. macroclada, E. cheiradenia and E. sequieriana subsp. sequieriana has arisen.

The study presents a systematic survey encompassing the large collection of algal species across diverse region of Kohat Division, with meticulous attention to varying temperature and pH conditions. Microscopy was employed for precise species identification from the collected samples. The report identifies twenty-five algal species from 4 kingdoms and 7 classes, representing 15 genera from the freshwater ecosystems of dams in Kohat, Karak, and Hangu. The ecological richness is substantiated by a calculated 0.82 Simpson’s diversity index. Within the identified classes, chlorophyceae comprises of 5 species, Cynophyceae is represented by 1 species, Zygnematophyceae encompasses 3 species, Charophyceae includes 1 species, Xanthophyceae features 1 species, Trebouxiophycea entails 1 species, Ulvophyceae encompasses 8 species. The finding underscores the prolific algal abundance in Kohat Division’s freshwater ecosystem. Taxonomic diversity extends across 4 kingdoms, specifically Monera, Plantae, Viridiplantae and Chromista. The detailed microscopic analysis and taxonomic categorization condition conducted in this study contribute valuable insight into the flourishing diversity of algae within the freshwater ecosystem of Kohat Division. These findings accentuate the ecological signification of algal communities and their intricate role within the broader ecological framework of aquatic environments. The comprehensive exploration of these diverse algal assemblages offers a nuanced understanding of ecological dynamics and underscores the need for ongoing research to enhance our comprehension of these vital components of freshwater ecosystem

Scleromorphy is an adaptive trait, which is crucial to understand survival of bare caper Capparis decidua (Forssk.) Edgew. in hyperarid environments. It is a perennial plant with leafless branches and a deep root system that allows it to attain extreme resistance against drought, frost, and salinity. The plant samples (young shoots) were collected from 10 ecologically different habitats from the Cholistan and Thal deserts to evaluate its morpho-anatomy and physiological traits that are associated with its high resistance to hyperarid environment. The Cholistan populations revealed the tallest plants (401.8 cm) with highest shoot dry weight (0.9 g), while populations from the Thal Desert had the thickest cortical region (171.6 µm) and sclerenchyma layer (72.7 µm) which was helpful for conserving more water by storing additional water in storage parenchyma and by minimizing water loss from the stem surface. Vascular bundle (52538.8 µm2) and metaxylem areas (890.1 µm) were the maximum in the Cholistan populations. Chlorophyll content (1.9 mg g−1) was the highest in Thal populations, while accumulation of organic osmolytes, compatible solutes and antioxidants were the highest in Cholistan populations. It concluded that all population from Thal and Cholistan desert displayed significant variation in its traits that enabled this species to maintain its water status, and hence can withstand hyperarid environmental conditions.

This study investigates the apoptotic and anti-angiogenic role of Rumex nervosus (R. nervosus) ethanol extraction on human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cell. The MTT test confirmed the cytotoxicity nature of R. nervosus with an IC50 value of 14µg/mL, while the trypan blue exclusion assay further demonstrated the induction of apoptotic cells. The fluorescence staining test revealed that dead bodies by AO/EtBr and DCFH-DA analysis enumerated the accumulation of ROS in HepG2 cells. Additionally, R. nervosus treatment compromised mitochondrial function, as indicated by Rho-123 staining, and caused loss of nuclear integrity, evidenced by Hoechst 33342 staining. FDA staining further confirmed reduced cell viability due to diminished esterase activity Functional assays, including colony formation, invasion, and migration, showed a significant reduction in cell mobility, invasion capability, and colony-forming potential following R. nervosus exposure. qRT-PCR analysis elucidated the upregulation of pro-apoptotic genes (such as caspase-3, caspase-8, caspase-9, and cytochrome c), along with downregulation of anti-apoptotic genes like Bcl-2. Western blot analysis validated the downregulation of VEGFA, HIF-1α, and p-Akt, and the upregulation of cleaved PARP and cytochrome c. Altogether, R. nervosus induces apoptosis and angiogenesis suppression in HepG2 cells through the arrest Pi3K/Akt pathway by augmenting the ROS generation with loss in mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm). These findings suggest that R. nervosus holds potential as a therapeutic agent for hepatocellular carcinoma

Antibiotic resistance is a major global challenge, necessitating the search for new antibacterial agents. This study aims to identify the phytochemical composition and antibacterial properties of essential oils from Lavandula angustifolia Miller (lavender). Essential oils from lavender leaves and flowers were extracted using the hydrodistillation method, and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) was employed to identify the active compounds. Antibacterial activity was assessed through the disc diffusion assay at different dilutions against Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The extracted lavender oils were rich in terpenoids, with monoterpenes being the predominant constituents, accounting for 70.05% in flowers and 61.58% in leaves, while sesquiterpenes constituted 5.75% in flowers and 4.28% in leaves. Lavender essential oils demonstrated significant antibacterial activity, the highest inhibition zone was observed against Escherichia coli (28.8 mm ±0.6 for flowers and 25.9 mm ±0.4 for leaves at a 1:1 dilution). These findings suggest that lavender essential oils possess substantial antibacterial potential, warranting further exploration for pharmaceutical applications

 

Chili anthracnose is one of the three most common and serious diseases in chili peppers. In the early stage of this experiment, a fungal strain A192 was screened from the rhizosphere soil of vegetable crops, which had a good antagonistic effect on Colletotrichum scovillei. It was identified as Penicillium restrictum. To maximize its antifungal effect, the fermentation medium and conditions of strain A192 were optimized. Through single factor experiments, orthogonal experiments, and response surface experiments, the optimal fermentation medium for strain A192 was determined to be dextrin 30.03g/L, diammonium dihydrogen phosphate 3.08g/L, and ZnSO4·7H2O 1.79g/L. Build a model using Design Expert software and predict an inhibition rate of 85.56% under the above conditions. The actual inhibition rate obtained after verification is 85.53%, which is close to the predicted value and increases by 24.24% compared to the initial inhibition rate. Meanwhile, the optimal fermentation conditions are: liquid volume of 100 mL, temperature of 25℃, and fermentation for 10 days.

 

Mentha longifolia of the family Lamiaceae is used in traditional herbal medicines. In this study, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) method was used to evaluate cytotoxic activity of M. longifolia extract prepared using methanol, hexane and acetone solvents on human liver cancer (HepG2) and human breast cancer (MCF 7) cell lines. In addition, Hoechst 33342 and propidium iodide (PI) stains were used, which have the ability to stain nuclei of membranes of both dead and living cells. As a result, cells were stained with PI, suggesting that some of cells had undergone necrosis. 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity technique was used to evaluate antioxidant properties of M. longifolia extract and it was observed that antioxidant properties increased with concentration. Maximum antioxidant effect (33%) was observed at the highest concentration (800 μg/ml). The antimicrobial properties of this plant were tested on 5 different microorganisms (Candida albicans, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Bacillus megaterium and Staphylococcus aureus) using well method. As a result of antimicrobial activity, it was found that M. longifolia extract prepared with methanol at a concentration of 400 mg/ml exhibited the highest antibacterial activity against K. pneumoniae with a zone diameter of 17±1.25 mm, while methanol extract with a concentration of 50 mg/ml showed the lowest activity against B. megaterium with a zone diameter of 7±1 mm. In conclusion, it is suggested that M. longifolia extract has a strong potential in terms of cytotoxic, antioxidant and antibacterial activity and may be a precursor for In vivo and In vitro experiments.

Plants are being used for various purposes since ancient times and have an important place in improving human health. Studies have shown that plant components contain any phytochemical compounds with strong antioxidant and antimicrobial activity. Plants and their essential oils have been studied in number of research fields in terms of their antimicrobial and antioxidant effects, especially since 1940 and important results have been obtained. Hypericum perforatum L, also known as St. John's wort, is one of these medicinally important plants, traditionally widely used and recognized as a valuable herbal medicine for more than 2000 years. In this study, the antimicrobial properties and antioxidant capacity of H. perforatum L. (St. John's wort) were determined and compared with Hypericum malatyanum Peşmen, a species endemic to Malatya. The antimicrobial activity of the extracts of these plants were tested and compared against the microorganisms consisting of selected bacteria and yeasts. It was found that they were more effective against bacteria. The best results in antioxidant activity tested by DPPH radical scavenging activity were recorded as 90. 80 % in Malatya St. John' s wort at a concentration of 1000 µl. The chemical content of the samples of H. perforatum and H. malatyanum plant extracts were determined by GC/MS method and as a result, 14 of the 30 different chemical components identified in both plants showed differences

The rapid population growth and climate change underscore the need for a sustainable food supply. Plant growth-promoting (PGP) bacteria present an eco-friendly and cost-effective solution by enhancing plant growth, improving stress resilience, and reducing reliance on chemical inputs. This study aimed to isolate and characterize bacterial endophytes from Phoenix dactylifera (date palm) and evaluate their potential as biofertilizers and biocontrol agents. A total of 56 bacterial strains were isolated from Phoenix dactylifera (date palm) to evaluate their plant growth-promoting properties. Growth conditions were optimized, revealing that most isolates thrived at pH 7, with reduced growth at temperatures above 30°C. Salt stress also affected growth, with densities dropping by 31% at 3% salt and 53% at 5% salt compared to 1% salt levels. All bacterial isolates demonstrated strong plant growth-promoting traits: IAA from 0.60 to 10.13 µg/ml, 93% generated ammonia, 82% fixed nitrogen, and 41% solubilized phosphate. Citrate production was observed in 54% of isolates, while 87% and 20% solubilized zinc and potassium, respectively. Amylase and protease activities were found in 70% and 79% of isolates, and 96% exhibited catalase activity. Out of 56 bacterial isolates, 15 top-performing strains were further analyzed. Those isolates exhibited cellulase, asparaginase activity, and hydrogen cyanide production. Additionally, 93% produced lipase, 60% had pectinase activity, and 13% produced esterase. The selected 15 strains exhibited resistance to zinc, nickel, and lead. Additionally, 87% were resistant to copper, and 13% to cadmium. Those strains were resistant to streptomycin, and 20% were resistant to kanamycin. Those isolates also displayed antifungal activity against Alternaria brassicicola, and 27% were effective against Aspergillus niger. Molecular identification via 16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed the isolates as Bacillus safensis, B. paranthracis, B. paramycoides, B. tropicus, B. aerius, B. anthracis, Peribacillus acanthi and Haemophilus parainfluenzae. The findings highlight the potential of Phoenix dactylifera (date palm) derived bacterial endophytes as multifunctional biofertilizers and biocontrol agents. Their robust PGP traits and resistance to environmental stresses suggest promising applications in sustainable agriculture, contributing to improved crop productivity and resilience in the face of global challenges

Today, chemical spraying, irrigation with sewage water and excessive fertilization on cultivated vegetables threaten human health, reduce or cause the plants to lose their natural flavor, and push people to seek safe food. In this context, people are interested in organic products and naturally grown vegetables. This study was carried out in 2019 to determine the nutritional contents of some edible wild plant species that grow in their natural habitats in Ardahan province/Turkey and its districts (Damal, Posof, Hanak, Çıldır, Göle) and are known by the local people. As a result of the current research, 23 wild vegetable species consumed in Ardahan province were determined. Among these species, it was determined that the Gelin Parmağı (Cerastium armeniacum Gren.) is an endemic species. Ash content, pH, vitamin C, protein, antioxidant enzyme activity (CAT, SOD and POD) and mineral substance (P, N, K, Ca, Mg, Ca, Fe, Na, Zn, Mn, B and Cu) contents were analyzed to determine the nutritional content of 23 different wild edible vegetables collected and to compare them with some cultivated vegetables. Protein content of 23 wild vegetable species was 17.66%-35.83%; Ca content ranged from 6577.3 mg kg-1 to 13862.7 mg kg-1 and Fe content ranged from 137.02 mg kg-1 to 293.26 mg kg-1. It has been determined that the wild plant species examined have a richer content in terms of vitamin and nutrient content than some commonly consumed cultural vegetables (spinach, cabbage, lettuce, radish, and parsley). At the end of the research, Capsella bursa-pastoris L. whose local name is the Revan Özeği was determined as the wild plant species containing the highest nitrogen and protein. It was concluded that wild species show a great difference in terms of mineral element composition and other quality characteristics and they have a richer content than some cultivated species whose leaves are consumed. Findings from our study showed that the antioxidant activity of different species varies according to the species. We believe that our study results will pave the way for future breeding and cultivation studies, can contribute to the promotion of sustainable ecotourism and can be used to develop strategies for the sustainable use of wild edible plants.

 

Peanut web blotch is one of the diseases that spread rapidly and cause serious damage in peanut leaf spot diseases. It mainly harms leaves, petioles and stems. In this study, the fungi with obvious antibacterial effect on Didymella arachidicola were screened from the soil. The growth rate method was used for rescreening, and the biocontrol strains with good antibacterial effect were screened and identified. In this study, the bacteriostatic spectrum test was also carried out, and the leaf In vitro culture and greenhouse pot control effect test were carried out with the fermentation broth. The results showed that the F11 strain performed well, the initial screening inhibition zone was 9.56 mm, and the secondary screening inhibition rate was 63.95%. The strain F11 was identified as Talaromyces sayulitensis by morphological identification and molecular biological identification. Through the bacteriostatic spectrum test, it was found that the F11 sterile fermentation broth also had a certain inhibitory effect on other pathogens. The inhibition rates of Exserohilum turcicum and Colletotrichum orbiculare were 83.02% and 81.54%, respectively. The fermentation broth of strain F11 was used to test the biocontrol effect. The results showed that the control effect could reach 87.65%.

Wheat is an important cereal crop and cultivated for staple food across the globe. Wheat germplasm resources show huge diversity for important fungal disease and lodging, which provides a valuable resource for gene introgression and trait improvement in elite cultivars. In the present study biparental wheat populations (F4 segregants) were evaluated for fungal disease and lodging under the climatic conditions of Mansehra. Interestingly, the F4 segregants showed a wide range of variability for fungal disease and lodging, suggesting the presence of multiple genes controlling these traits. These segregants can be used as source material in the regional wheat breeding programs. Based on above results the lines F4-2-71 and F4-5-44 depicted resistance  (R) to yellow rust, check variety Fahim-19, F4-2-71, F4-1-5 were found resistant to powdery mildew while genotypes F4-4-9(0), F4-4-23(0),F4-4-29(0), F4-4-64(0), F4-4-15(0), F4-8-6(0), F4-8-24(0), F4-8-03(0), F4-11-03(0), Fateh Jhang(0), F4-1-31(0) expressed lodging resistant. These lines performed better, which could be further exploited for improvement in yellow rust, powdery mildew and lodging resistance

Myrtle fruit (Rhodomyrtus tomentosa) contains a large amount of phenolic compounds, which have been shown to have high biological activity with antioxidant, anti-cancer, and anti-obesity properties. The myrtle extract was evaluated for its antioxidant and antibacterial properties. The antioxidant activities of myrtle fruit extract were analyzed DPPH radical inhibition assay.  The myrtle extract had an IC50 of 233.98 g.mL-1 and the antioxidant activity that was weaker than that of vitamin C. The gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method with an HP5-MS column was used to analyze some biologically active compounds in myrtle extract. The myrtle extract contained 19 compounds, of which only two compounds were identified. It was noticeable that 2,3-dihydro-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-4H-pyran-4-one was present in myrtlee extract, a flavonoid compound that played an important role in cancer prevention, cardiovascular disease prevention, and liver function protection. The novel anti fungi activity of rose myrtle fruit extract agianst Alternaria alternata apple pathotype at concentrations of MIC of 25 mg.mL-1 showed  excellent activites. In silico docking model, pose 698, one the best docking pose among 1000 docking conformations of compound 12 docked well to 4AUD:PDB protein, and compound 12 or pose 505 inhibited well to 2VF5: PDB enzyme to explain the general mechanism about synthesis inhibition of bacteria or fungi cell wall in silico docking model of the best conformation of  compound 12 to 2VF5 enzyme that proved why compound 12 showed good activity In vitro. Fruit extraction of rose myrtle was extracted using microwave equipment. The components of rose myrtle fruit extraction depend on the solvent polarity, ratio of solid and solvent, microware power, and time in microware treatment

Rice is a staple food for many people and is vulnerable to contamination from soil and irrigation water, which poses significant health and trade concerns, particularly in countries like Pakistan. Therefore, the occurrence of heavy metal contaminations in relation to fungal pathogens was determined considering type, variety and location of rice. All the samples were compliant with the permissible limits set by the WHO. However, only 2.5% of the total samples had mercury levels slightly higher than the EU limit. The location imparted significant (p

Microalgal communities, such as, cyanobacteria, diatoms and dianoflagellates, etc., generally bloom under eutrophic conditions in both fresh and marine water bodies. Blooms of harmful algae have been reported from various parts of the world that inflicts losses to the economy and impact environmental/human health. Here we present on antimicrobial activity and lethal/toxic effects in a rat model of some cyanobacteria collected from the coastal waters (Manora Channel, Karachi, Pakistan). Antibacterial activity was targeted against nine species of gram +ve and gram -ve bacteria, namely, Bacillus subtilus, Staphlococcus aureus, Staphlococcus albus, Streptococcus pyogens and Streptococcus fecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella sp., Eschierichia coli, Salmonala typhi. The cyanobacterial extracts showed promising antibacterial activity against Gram +ve bacteria. The ethanol and chloroform extracts showed high antibacterial activity compared to water extracts. Bacillus subtiluswas the most susceptible to cyanobacterial extract. Acute lethal toxicity was caused by one marine cyanobacterial species, Leptolyngbya angustissima and a mixed crude sample for which LD50 values were recorded. All extracts generally showed typical signs of hepatotoxicity, though some of the symptoms resembled neurotoxicity. The data suggested the presence of toxic microalgae for which essentially requires regular monitoring in the coastal and near-shore waters