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Abstract

Bio-saline farming is a promising approach to face the global soil salinization and degradation. It is one of the most practical solutions available for climate adaptation and food security, especially in arid and coastal regions. Among the sustainable solutions in bio-saline systems, the integration of bio stimulants and nanotechnology represents a promising strategy for sustainable bio-saline agriculture. Nanotechnology and biostimulants are increasingly integrated to enhance the sustainability and productivity of bio‑saline farming, where crops must withstand high salt levels. Nano‑formulations can improve the stability, efficiency, and targeted delivery of biostimulants, allowing plants to better regulate ion balance, strengthen antioxidant defenses, and maintain physiological activity under salinity. Nano-formulations of micronutrients, chitosan, or plant‑derived bioactives can penetrate plant tissues more effectively, depending on nanoparticle characteristics, plant species, application method, and environmental conditions, enabling controlled release and prolonged action. When combined with bio stimulants, they help enhance potassium retention, reduce sodium uptake, and promote osmotic adjustment, depending on dose, material, and crop. This integration also boosts photosynthesis, nutrient acquisition, and root development, making crops more resilient to salt‑induced oxidative stress. As a result, Nano‑formulations of bio stimulants offer a promising approach to improving crop production and supporting sustainable agriculture in salt‑affected soils. Despite these advantages, sustainable application of Nano-formulations s in saline agriculture requires a comprehensive assessment of their toxicity, environmental fate, bioaccumulation potential, and long-term effects on ecosystem health. Further studies are needed concerning the Nano toxicity of such Nano-formulations of bio stimulants.

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