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Anti-proliferative potentials of plant extracts and amygdalin against the MCF-7 breast cancer cell line
Abstract
Plant-derived chemicals are being investigated as possible anticancer medicines, since breast cancer is still a major worldwide health concern. This study investigated the anti-proliferative effects of amygdalin and a few plant extracts (green tea, pomegranate peel, ginger, garlic, and turmeric) on MCF-7 breast cancer cells. MCF-7 and MCF-10A as normal cells were treated, with extracts produced through a standardized drying process at a concentration of 50 µg/mL, while amygdalin was measured at both 50 µg/mL and 0.5 mg/mL. Through lowering cell viability, inducing apoptosis (caspase-3/7 up to 264.55%), increasing reactive oxygen species (ROS) (up to 148.63%), lowering Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) levels (as low as 50.12%), and elevating Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release, the tested plant extracts, particularly garlic (Allium sativum L.) (40.63 %), turmeric (Curcuna longa L.) (47.58%), and ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) (44.85%) showed significant anti-proliferative effects on MCF-7 breast cancer cells. High-dose amygdalin (0.5 mg/mL) exhibited the strongest responses across all parameters (viability 31.11%, caspase 315.45%, ROS 220.15%, ATP 40.07%). Green tea (Camellia sinensis) and pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) extracts showed moderate effects, reducing nitric oxide (NO) generation (3.68 µM, 2.54 µM); slightly changing ROS (80.05%, 96.54%) and total protein levels (68.45 µg/mg, 94.85 µg/mg) while retaining lower cytotoxicity to MCF-10A cells, respectively. Overall, the findings highlighted the potential of the selected plant extracts, as natural anti-cancer medicines by demonstrating that, they exhibit selective cytotoxicity and apoptotic potential. Those results were on equal with or better than the commercial amygdalin, particularly accurate for garlic and turmeric. More research is needed to fully examine the mechanisms and therapeutic efficacy of natural bioactive components in the treatment of cancer and to confirm their potential as safe and efficient anti-cancer medications.
