PJB-2025-1544
Phytoremediation of sewage water using Ag/Fe alloys synthesized with Grewia optiva leaf extract
Sehrish Asad, Waheed Murad, Natasha Anwar, Mohib Shah, Muhammad Hamayun, Abdulwahed Fahad Alrefaei, Eman Alshehri and Sajid Ali
Abstract
Plants and nanoparticles are essential for efficiently eliminating heavy metals from contaminated soil and water. Current study is designed to biosynthesize silver iron nanoparticles and their alloys using Grewia optiva leaf extract. The fabricated alloys were optimized using various parameters i.e. temperature, pH, salt concentration, time optimization and nanoparticles concentrations. The bimetallic nanoparticles were subjected for different analysis and alloys were further characterized for phytoremediation. The effects of Ag/Fe alloys on photosynthetic pigments, phytochemicals, lead (Pb) accumulation and plant development were examined in the hydroponic study conducted on Brassica campestris. Seedlings were grown in a combination of Pb-polluted media and wastewater, with an addition of 50mgL−1 of Ag/Fe alloys. Plant tissues were tested for Pb levels using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Wastewater and Pb had a detrimental effect on the growth of seedlings, but the addition of bimetallic nanoparticles, or alloys, reduced stress and increased plant growth as well as levels of carotenoid and chlorophyll. Plant growth was decreased by Pb at a concentration of 50mgL−1, as well as phytohormones and secondary metabolites. On the other hand, oxidative stress was decreased by treatment with biofabricated bimetallic particles, which enhanced the synthesis of primary and secondary metabolites. Treatment of B. campestris roots and shoots with alloys decreased Pb concentrations, whereas wastewater raised Pb levels. These results underlined the promise of nano-phytoremediation, reflecting that plants can efficiently remove heavy metals from contaminated water when exposed to suitable concentrations of Ag and Fe nanoparticles and their composites (alloys).
To Cite this article:
Asad, S., W. Murad, N. Anwar, M. Shah, M. Hamayun, A.F. Alrefaei, E. Alshehri and S. Ali. 2025. Phytoremediation of sewage water using Ag/Fe alloys synthesized with Grewia optiva leaf extract. Pak. J. Bot., 57(6): DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.30848/PJB2025-6(4)
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