PJB-2023-114
EFFICACY OF ZANTHOXYLUM ARMATUM LEAF AND FRUIT EXTRACTS AGAINST THE WATERBORNE PATHOGENS: AS AN ALTERNATIVE TREATMENT
Mamuna Mukhtar
Abstract
Abstract
Water is the source of antimicrobial resistance, and the excessive use of antibiotics has increased the genetic capacity of microbes and, consequently, is becoming ineffective in eliminating the waterborne disease. The present study investigated the antibacterial potential of leaf and fruit extracts of Zanthoxylum armatum against two pathogenic bacterial isolates, Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis, of drinking water in five solvents i.e., Ethanol, Methanol, Chloroform, Benzene and aqueous. Preliminary phytochemical analysis of methanolic and ethanolic leaves and fruit extracts revealed that the extracts possess saponins, fixed oils, flavonoids, alkaloids, starch, fatty acids, and amino acids. Recorded antibiotic sensitivity patterns against S. aureus showed the maximum inhibition with chloramphenicol, i.e., 27.67 ± 2.60 mm (Mean ± SE); no inhibition zone appeared for oxacillin. On the other hand, Staphylococcus epidermidis maximum and minimum zones of inhibitions were 31.25 ± 7.2 and 6.7 ± 4.1 against penicillin and oxacillin, respectively. In this study, methanol and benzene leaf extracts of Z. armatum demonstrated maximum inhibition against S. aureus and S. epidermidis, respectively (i.e., 13.33 ± 1.33 mm and 12.0 ± 1.0 mm). In addition, chloroform and benzene fruit extracts also showed inhibitory activities against S. aureus and S. epidermidis (i.e., 10.0 ± 5.1 and 12.47 ± 0.47 mm). Phytoconstituents in local medicinal plants make them important constituents of modern drugs, are widely used to treat different diseases, and are the source for separating bioactive compounds utilized for drug development. Leaf and fruit extracts showed minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against Staphylococcal isolates at 1200mg/ml and 800mg/ml by leaf methanolic extract and benzene fruit extract, respectively. This work revealed the antimicrobial efficiency of Z. armatum as an active antibacterial agent against waterborne pathogenic bacterial isolates of drinking water.
Keywords: antibiotics, plant extracts, phytochemicals, antimicrobial activity, waterborne pathogens.
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