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Abstract

Freshwater constitutes approximately 2.5% of the total water on earth, of which 70% is stored in glaciers and polar ice caps, while 30% exists in liquid form. Of this, < 1% is directly accessible for human consumption. The increasing scarcity of freshwater resources underscores the need for sustainable and efficient greywater treatment solutions. Therefore, this review aims to explore integrated biotechnological strategies using Brassica juncea (Indian mustard) and Helianthus annuus (sunflower) for effective greywater remediation. These plant species exhibit significant phytoremediation potential owing to their rapid growth, high biomass production, and ability to accumulate and detoxify diverse contaminants, including heavy metals, organic pollutants, and nutrients. The mechanisms underlying pollutant uptake, translocation, and detoxification were discussed in detail, alongside their physiological and molecular adaptations to greywater-induced stress. Additionally, the role of plant-associated rhizospheric interactions in enhancing treatment efficiency was highlighted. This review explores the challenges and potential of scaling plant-based biotechnological systems for cost-effective, eco-friendly greywater reuse

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