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Abstract

Biological nanoparticles synthesized using biological systems such as plants, microorganisms, and natural extracts are promising alternatives to traditional physicochemical methods due to their eco-friendliness, economic efficiency, and biofunctionality. This comprehensive overview provides a detailed outline of synthesis, classification, and biological properties, including nanoparticles with biological agents. The discussion begins with an introduction to the fundamental principles of nanoparticle synthesis, followed by a detailed classification of organic, inorganic, and carbon-based nanoparticles. The focus lies in the various biological techniques used in green synthesis, which highlight the role of biomolecules in reducing and stabilizing nanoparticles. Additionally, systematic biological studies, including reviews of antimicrobials, antioxidants, anti-cancer, and cytotoxicity, will be examined to assess biomedical and environmental potential. With the integration of recent advances and identification of research gaps, this overview provides important insights into future applications and the development of sustainable nanotechnology.

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