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Abstract

Background: The increasing prevalence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens has become a critical global health challenge, rendering conventional antibiotics less effective. Traditional medicinal systems have long employed spices for their antimicrobial properties, prompting modern research to investigate their potential against drug-resistant infections. Key spices such as Curcuma longa (turmeric), Cuminum cyminum (cumin), Syzygium aromaticum (clove), Cinnamomum spp. (cinnamon), Nigella sativa (black seed), Zingiber officinale (ginger), and Allium sativum (garlic) have demonstrated significant efficacy against various MDR pathogens. Objective: This review consolidates and analyzes published research on the antimicrobial activity of these spices against MDR human pathogens, providing a foundation for future therapeutic development. Study Design: A comprehensive literature review was conducted, synthesizing data from multiple high-impact studies to evaluate the current evidence on spice-derived antimicrobial agents. Methodology: Relevant studies were systematically reviewed, with key findings extracted and summarized to highlight the mechanisms of action, bioactive compounds, and potential clinical applications of these spices. Conclusion: The reviewed evidence supports the potential of spice-derived phytochemicals as alternative or adjunct therapies against MDR infections, warranting further investigation into their pharmacological optimization and clinical use.

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