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Abstract

Teucrium stocksianum Boiss, a medicinally valuable herb, is well-reported for its anticancer, antimalarial, and analgesic properties, alongside its traditional use in treating sore throat and jaundice. Given these immense therapeutic values, it is crucial to understand how the therapeutic compounds extraction in T. stocksianum is affected by the different solvent types. Therefore, the current study investigates how different solvent systems of varying polarities influence the extraction efficiency, phytochemical content, and bioactivities of T. stocksianum extracts (leaves, roots, and stem). It was found that water and water-based organic solvent combinations gave the highest extraction yields; however, phytochemical contents and bioactivities were not directly proportional to extraction yields. The phenolic and flavonoid contents positively correlated with most solvents' miscibility indices except for water. Moreover, a blend of non-polar and polar solvents extracted higher amounts of flavonoid and phenolic contents than non-polar solvents alone. A direct correlation (r2) was seen between phenolic contents and antioxidant activities across three plant parts. The best IC50 value was recorded for methanolic leaf extract (27 µg/mL), methanol-chloroform stem extract (37 µg/mL), and methanol-acetone root extract (34 µg/mL). Protein kinase enzyme inhibitory activity was highest in n-hexane-ethyl acetate leaf extract (15.7 ± 2.3 mm inhibition against Streptomyces), while the brine shrimp bioassay revealed potential cytotoxicity with LC50 values of 5 µg/mL (chloroform root extract), 16 µg/mL (acetone stem extract), and 47 µg/mL (n-hexane leaf extract). Extracts prepared using medium-polarity solvents (methanol, ethyl acetate, ethanol, and acetone) demonstrated excellent antifungal and antibacterial properties. In conclusion, the T. stocksianum extract's antioxidant activities and reducing power directly correlate with the phenolic contents and overall biological and cytotoxic activities

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