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Abstract

Intrinsically Disordered Proteins (IDPs) and their regions (IDRs) lack a fixed tertiary structure but are crucial components of eukaryotic regulatory systems, being highly enriched in plant transcription factors and signaling proteins. This structural flexibility makes them central to plant adaptation networks, especially under mounting challenges from climate change. This review summarizes the extensive functions of plant IDPs in environmental adaptation, stress responses, hormone signaling, and development. We highlight how IDPs utilize their structural fluidity to act as efficient environmental sensors, undergoing mechanisms like Disorder-to-Order Transitions (DOTs) and Liquid-Liquid Phase Separation (LLPS) in real-time response to physical and chemical changes such as dehydration, temperature, and ion strength. Furthermore, the review details the complex multi-level regulatory landscape of plant IDPs, encompassing transcriptional control, dynamic alternative splicing, and rapid post-translational modifications.

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