PJB-2025-296
Ajmal M. Theyyathel
Abstract
Green chemistry provides sustainable strategies for nanoparticle synthesis by replacing toxic reagents with plant-derived bioactive compounds. In this study, Rosmarinus officinalis leaf extract, rich in flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, and phenolics, was employed for the rapid synthesis of gold nanoparticles (RO-AuNPs) within 10 min at room temperature. The nanoparticles were characterized by UV–Vis spectrophotometry, FESEM, XRD, and EDX, revealing predominantly spherical, monodisperse particles (16–57 nm) with a face-centered cubic crystalline structure, and gold as the major element. RO-AuNPs exhibited significant antimicrobial activity against Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Candida albicans, with MIC values of 128, 64, 128, 64, and 256 µg/mL, respectively, whereas the crude extract showed no such effect. Cytotoxicity assays on A549 lung cancer cells demonstrated potent activity, with IC₅₀ values of 33.60 and 23.12 µg/mL at 24 and 48 h, respectively. AO/PI staining confirmed apoptosis, while RT-PCR revealed Cytochrome C upregulation and IL-6 downregulation, indicating pro-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory effects. Collectively, these findings highlight the multifunctional bioactivities of R. officinalis-mediated gold nanoparticles and their promising potential for biomedical applications
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