PJB-2025-292
PHYTOCHEMICAL PROFILING OF PROPOLIS: ASSESSMENT OF ITS ANTIBACTERIAL, ANTIFUNGAL AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITIES
Mehtab Ullah
Abstract
Propolis, a resinous material originated by honey bee is one of nature’s most important pollinators holds significant medicinal properties attributed to its rich phytochemical profile. This study aimed to analyze phytochemical composition of propolis samples focusing on their antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant, activities to understand their therapeutic potential and their constituent phytochemicals. Propolis samples were gathered from multiple geographical locations of Pakistan, and extracts were prepared using ethanol. The biological activities of these extracts were evaluated through range of assays, including DPPH, ABTS, and H2O2 free-radical scavenging assays for their antioxidant activity, in vitro antimicrobial activity against three bacterial strains (Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae), and antifungal activity against fungal strains (Aspergillus flavus and A. niger). Comprehensive phytochemical analysis identified the presence of tannins, alkaloids, terpenoids, saponins, cardiac glycosides, coumarins, flavonoids and phenolics, while anthraquinones were absent. All tested propolis samples exhibited significant inhibitory effects against bacterial strains, with LC50 values ranging from 0.44 to 1.42 mg/mL for K. pneumoniae, 0.21 to 1.11 mg/mL for S. aureus and 0.67 to 2.30 mg/mL for P. aeruginosa. The inhibitory effects against fungal strains were also significant, with LC50 values ranging 0.76 to 1.27 mg/mL for A. niger and 0.84 to 1.21 for A. flavus. The samples also demonstrated notable free radical scavenging activity, with LC50 values ranging from 39.2 to 79.6 µg/mL in the ABTS assay, from 42.89 to 98.79 µg/mL in the DPPH assay, and from 50.47 to 75.29 µg/mL in the H2O2 assay. The findings highlight the promising antioxidant, antimicrobial properties of propolis; providing an in-depth insight into the therapeutic potential of propolis and its constituent phytochemicals.
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