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Synergistic anti-inflammatory and antifungal activities of Anvillea radiata and Cotula cinerea essential oils in combination with conventional drugs against Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillus terreus
Abstract
Essential oils (EOs) extracted from Anvillea radiata Coss. & Dur. and Cotula cinerea Del. were investigated for their chemical composition, anti-inflammatory, antifungal, and anti-gliotoxin activities, as well as their potential synergistic interactions with conventional drugs. Chemical profiles were determined using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated by the bovine serum albumin denaturation assay, while antifungal activity was assessed through mycelial growth inhibition, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) determination, spore germination, and mycelial biomass assays. Anti-gliotoxin effects were also examined. The main constituents of A. radiata EO were (Z)-nerolidol (64.53%), humulene epoxide II (10.59%), and epi-α-cadinol (7.45%), whereas C. cinerea EO was dominated by trans-thujone (17.32%), 1,8-cineole (13.96%), cis-verbenyl acetate (12.61%), camphor (11.74%), and santolina triene (10.80%). Both oils exhibited notable anti-inflammatory and antifungal activities against Aspergillus fumigatus and A. terreus. Synergistic interactions were observed when EOs were combined with the antifungal agent voriconazole or with each other, leading to reduced MIC values and enhanced inhibition of mycelial growth and spore germination. In contrast, anti-gliotoxin activity was more pronounced for individual EOs than for their mixtures. Overall, these results highlight the potential of A. radiata and C. cinerea EOs as promising natural agents with anti-inflammatory and antifungal properties, warranting further in vivo and toxicological studies to confirm their efficacy and safety.
